Katie,
I applaud you're effort at getting both sides of the story to a very hot and unnecessarily controversial topic currently. If you're after information on African hunting, and why hunters choose to hunt her, then you've come to a great place. The breadth of knowledge on this forum from those who have hunted on the dark continent, as well as those who make their living hunting in Africa, is varied and deep. It is a great resource. You'll find that if you're truly after information, and trying to gain a different perspective on hunting Africa that what is currently portrayed by the main stream media and anti-hunting crowd, this forum, and the posters who frequent it, are very charitable in their giving of their unique perspective.
To try and answer your questions:
1) What motivates you to practice hunting in Africa?
The same thing that motivates me to hunt anywhere. It's, as another poster stated, in our DNA as human beings. It always has been, and always will be. Humans are predators plain and simple. They have forward facing and stereoscopic eyes, they're omnivores who can digest animal protein (whether you choose to is another story), and they are conditioned to hunt. When you were a child, why was the game hide and seek such a fun endeavor? I would argue because it was part of the human make-up to seek prey. It is a predator and prey relationship that has been engrained into a human being's DNA, being, soul, and psyche. Over the course of human evolution, our brain has been our biggest asset, and strength, and thus, has allowed us to develop tools (weapons), techniques, understanding, and methods to help us succeed at the hunt. It also has allowed us to develop and refine agrarian techniques and methodologies that have relegated hunting to a more historic necessity. Not everywhere, but certainly in 1st world and even 3rd world cultures. Simply put, we don't have to hunt anymore because we can raise on our food and animals. But in many people, that desire and need to hunt still exists strongly. Others, because of various reasons, have decided to repress that desire, and don't feel the strong pull, and that is OK. Hunting is not for everyone. I have even heard it explained as, for those that feel the need to hunt, it being as strong as some women's desire to have children. I can't comment on that accurately because I'm not a woman, but I can say that it is as strong and as base a desire as any that I have ever had. I have to hunt to feel complete. For many of us, it's also part of our heritage. It is tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation, and something that parents do with their children. As far as the US goes, it was and is a very important part of who we are as a nation.
I provided a wonderful video here that summarizes why we do what we do as hunters. It's not hunting in Africa per say, but the video does a great job expressing what it means to be a hunter.
For me, and Africa specifically, I have felt a draw to her for as long as I can remember having the desire to hunt. When I was old enough to read and appreciate the books by the hunters of yesterday such as Selous, Roosevelt, and Bell, and by their contemporaries such as Ruark, Hemingway, and Capstick, I voraciously consumed them, and in those books I found the desire to go. The romance of the safari is certainly a big part of it, and Peter Capstick could describe that aspect as good as anyone. But it's more than that. The flora and fauna are different than anywhere else in the world. The iconic animal species reside there as well. It is the cradle of civilization and the place where hunting started thousands of years ago. Having visited Africa many years ago for different purposes, I find the people and culture fascinating. And some of the best hunters in the world reside there. I have yet to experience it, but the native trackers and their bushcraft skills are an awesome sight to behold. The desire to hunt Africa in particular is mulifactorial, but a huge pull none-the-less, at least for me. I only wish I could have experienced it during the golden age of safari.
2) When it comes to conservation, how does hunting fit in?
There is so much to say about this, but may I suggest a wonderful book written by Glen Martin, called "Game Changer: Animal Rights and the Fate of Africa's Wildlife". I sound like a broken record, because I'm always touting this book, but it is a fascinating portrayal of the reality on the ground in Kenya when it comes to wildlife and the struggle to save it. Kenya at one time was a jewel in Africa, and was the jumping off point for a lot of hunters starting their safaris. In 1977, hunting was banned in toto and has been an unmitigated disaster for Kenya's people and wildlife. Do yourself a favor and purchase a copy. It provides a wonderful synopsis of why hunting is so important in modern Africa.
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http://www.amazon.com/Game-Changer-Animal-Africas-Wildlife-ebook/dp/B0079JK63Q).
Hunting has played a key role in conservation throughout modern history. Teddy Roosevelt, a very accomplished hunter in his own right, is one of the father's of modern conservation. The national parks system in the US owes it's very existence to President Roosevelt and hunters, who fund the vast majority of the parks budgets through the Pittman-Robertson act. And furthermore, did you know the only places that wildlife has actually thrived in the world are North America and South Africa, who modeled a lot of their current management strategies on the North American model. There's a saying, "If it pays, it stays", and in Africa, there is no more pertinent saying. A lot of the argument against hunting in Africa champions the cause of Eco-tourism to provide that value. The theory goes, "Why shoot an animal with a rifle only once, when you can shoot it many times over with a camera?" And on the surface, that sounds legitimate. Most hunters wouldn't argue the benefit of Eco-tourism, as there are no bigger "Eco-tourists" in existence. However, if someone were to take an objective look at Eco-tourism, one could see it has it's own major problems associated with it. Mr. Martin in his book I suggested above talks about this a lot. Eco-tourism if it is to thrive must take place near national parks where vast concentrations of game resides and there is a significant infrastructure investment. However, the vast majority of land that game resides on is outside of the national parks and in areas not very accessible to humans. Most non-hunting tourists are not willing to go a whole day without seeing a lot of game, especially the Big 5. They are also not willing to walk vast distances off the beaten path to photograph those animals. To further that point, the lodge developments bring in a lot of native people to support it, and thus it has a huge impact on the environment. Another knock against the Eco-tourism industry is that most of the companies that set up operations in Africa are foreign (European) entities and the vast amount of profits that are made go back to the foreign companies and countries. This provides no value to the people and thus no incentive for them to protect these animals in the long run, especially if those animals are trampling their crops (elephants) or eating their livestock (lions), or worse yet eating their family.
3) What is done with the animals afterwards?
Nothing goes to waste in Africa. The animals are eaten in camp by the staff and other hunters. A lot of the meat is given to the villagers. In fact in Zambia, it's a requirement that the game management areas the animal is taken from be given a certain percentage of the meat. As an aside, the people of Zambia cannot hunt for the most part. There was an article written recently by Mrs. Diana Rupp, a hunter, and the editor of Sports Afield, that outlines a study detailing this very thing in Zambia, and the impact it has on a protein starved country. It is true that hunters do take trophies home usually, but that is a small part, at least in most African hunters I know. You can find that article here:
http://www.sportsafield.com/content/something-chew
4) What is your relationship to the animal?
I agree the word Primal is an appropriate word to describe it. It is a relationship that all predators and prey understand I suppose. But it's more than that. I would venture to say that most hunters have a love and understanding of the animals they hunt that is deeper than the vast majority of the non-hunting public. In the pursuit of the animal, the hunter strives to understand, and relate to his quarry better in order to pursue him better. In that pursuit of understanding, the hunter develops a vast amount of respect for the animal he chases. As far as dangerous game, when it comes down to it, I suppose it's the chance of getting killed in the pursuit of the animal that drives most who hunt them. Peter Capstick, a hunting author talks about this a lot. When done properly, dangerous game (elephants, lions, Cape buffalo, etc.) is hunted up close and personal giving the animal every opportunity to stand it's ground and potentially kill the hunter in it's escape.
Steven Rinella is an author and hunter, and hosts a show called MeatEater. In this video, he discusses the concepts of animal utilization as well as the relationship hunters have to the animals they pursue:
In the end, the relationship I have to the animal is so much more complex that what I've attempted to describe. However, suffice it to say, I care deeply about all of the animals I hunt. As such, not only am I, as well as most hunters, willing to pay large amounts of money to pursue them, but also give money annually to organizations that promote conservation as well as African organizations that fight against poaching, etc.
5). What can you say about the effectiveness of game management?
I echo my comments above regarding the places where wildlife is thriving. North America and South Africa to be exact. I reinforce what the poster code4 said. The biggest threat to African wildlife is the massive population explosion occurring there. To be blunt, humans are encroaching on and overrunning the natural habitat where wildlife lives. As the squeeze continues, animals have less area to roam, and unchecked population growth amongst megafauna such as elephants can be very detrimental to all the flora and fauna inside the national parks and wildlife areas. Those species that the general public love to hold on high like elephants and lion have to be managed just like other species that are not as lauded. Hunting can be a part of that management strategy if done in a scientific and ethical manner.
6) What are the locals opinions of hunting?
Most African people don't understand all of the hub-hub over animals when so many of their people are starving to death. They are hunters as well, and have been for generations. Hunting in many of these communities provide jobs for the locals. Hunting controls the local animal populations, especially the dangerous ones (elephants and lions), and hunting gives the local people's incentives to not kill off that wildlife for necessity (protection or food) by programs such as Campfire in Zimbabwe.
7) What would you say to the people against hunting?
Mostly nothing because a vast majority of the rabid anti-hunters won't listen to logical pragmatism. Their arguments are ruled by blind emotion and not reason. I would say to those who are open minded, hunter/conservationists have the same goal as the animal protectionists. We all want the same thing in the end. Hunters are willing to work with non-hunting organizations to achieve that ultimate goal, but an the reverse always be said? If hunting is ever banned outright across all African countries, that will be the end of these iconic species as we know them. You might be able to see them in zoos and national parks if you're lucky, but the animals roaming free across the vast savannahs will be a thing of the past and that will be a very sad thing. As a "for instance", Lion hunting has been very controversial as of late in large part because of the Cecil incident, but most would argue that hunting lions if done in a scientifically grounded and ethical manner has a role in maintaining their value. Recently, Botswana banned hunting on government concessions in favor of Eco-tourism. Where as lions were doing very well prior to this, reports are starting to trickle in that poaching and killing of these lions are on the rise. Farmers are protecting their families and livestock, and lions are now viewed as a dangerous nuisance. Whereas before, farmers were encouraged to protect the lions because they were getting large sums of money from hunters to be able to hunt the lions, now they are resorting to killing them. And it's not just single lions. The preferred method is poisoning where a a carcas is laced with strychnine or arsenic, and when the whole pride comes to feed (males, females, and cubs) they are all extirpated. This TED talk video outlines exactly what I'm talking about:
And it's no different for elephants, etc. They are viewed by the native people as a dangerous nuisance that jeopardizes the local farmer's livelihood, at the very least, and possibly his or his family's lives. In this case, the wildlife is always going to lose.
In the end, it is each indivuals choice to hunt or not hunt. However, what most hunters wish the non-hunting public to acknowledge is that hunting has a vital role to play in managing wildlife in the modern world, and if given the chance, can be a wonderful tool to do so. It may not get to the core of why someone hunts, but it certainly is a huge ancillary benefit derived from that pursuit.
I wish you luck on your project. Like I said, there are many here and on other forums that have way more knowledge and eloquence than I have. I think you'll find that most will be more than willing to give their perspective to someone who honestly is seeking their viewpoint in an unbiased and non-judgmental way.